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Search our website for in-depth analysis (Dossiers), background info (Factsheets) or the latest News, interviewees (Experts) or 91tv Events. Please use AND/OR to find more terms in one document, NOT to exclude terms, quotation marks “…” to find precise terms or use the filters below. Under “Show today’s news” you will find the very latest on the energy transition.

  • 02 Jun 2021 |

    Germany between citizens’ energy and Nimbyism

    The People's Energiewende 02 Jun 2021, 11:00 Since the energy transition took off in 2000, millions of Germans have become energy producers, investing in solar panels on their houses and buying shares in wind parks. Citizens' engagement is one ...
  • 10 Oct 2018 |

    Electricity storage is next feat for Germany’s energy transition

    Energy storage and the Energiewende 10 Oct 2018, 09:00 Germany's rapidly rising share of weather-dependent renewable energy makes the country a testbed for storage technologies, to enable its use when there is no sun or wind. Truly large-scale ...
  • 01 Jul 2015 |

    Technology to transform the energy sector- made in Germany

    New technologies for the Energiewende 01 Jul 2015, 00:00 Germany’s energy transition anticipates a vastly more efficient and interconnected energy system in the future. It also poses huge technological challenges – and challenges for legislation and ...
  • Political uncertainty weighs heavily on energy policy crunch time year for Germany

    91tv Preview 2019 11 Jan 2019, 10:30 Germany will finally have to make up its mind in this year which exact path to take towards a climate-friendly economy. Pending long-term decisions on a coal exit, sustainable mobility and heating as well as a Climate ...
  • 30 Mar 2015 |

    Jobs won, jobs lost – how the Energiewende is transforming the labour market

    The energy transition's effect on jobs and business 30 Mar 2015, 00:00 From solar-panel cleaners to housing-insulation specialists and wind-turbine climbers, Germany's move to a low-carbon economy powered by renewable energy sources is shaping ...
  • 25 Jun 2018 |

    Industry bets on gas as last trump card in Energiewende

    The role of gas in Germany's energy transition 25 Jun 2018, 15:05 Does the energy transition seal the fate of natural gas in Germany? Europe's biggest economy will have to virtually phase out all fossil fuels to fully decarbonise by 2050. But ...
  • 30 Sep 2016 |

    Bioenergy- the troubled pillar of the Energiewende

    Biogas in Germany's energy transition 30 Sep 2016, 00:00 Following the introduction of feed-in tariffs for renewables in 2000, bioenergy plants sprang up like daisies across the country, providing a climate friendly source for power that’s ...
  • 12 Oct 2016 |

    BMW, Daimler, and VW vow to fight in green transport revolution

    The Energiewende and German carmakers 12 Oct 2016, 00:00 In Germany, the birthplace of the automobile, three iconic carmakers, BMW, Daimler, and VW, are facing the greatest challenge in their history: The mobility revolution to create a green transport ...
  • 05 Dec 2018 |

    Stricken solar sector sets out to regain leading Energiewende role

    Solar power in Germany 05 Dec 2018, 10:39 One of the sunniest summers on record in Germany and much of Central Europe in 2018 has refocused the spotlight on solar power after its decline in the last decade. Once a global technology leader, Germany's ...
  • 24 Oct 2018 |

    The wicked task of feeding 83 million in a climate-friendly way

    Emissions from food and farming in Germany 24 Oct 2018, 10:00 No matter how you look at it, people need sustenance to survive – and growing crops or raising livestock creates emissions. But Germany must find a way to reduce its agricultural emissions, ...
  • 11 May 2021 |

    Energiewende hinges on unblocking the power grid

    The energy transition and Germany’s power grid 11 May 2021, 00:00 Germany's shift from fossil fuel and nuclear power will only succeed if the infrastructure exists to support a very different kind of energy system. To date, the country's ...
  • Digitalisation ignites new phase in energy transition

    The digitalisation of the Energiewende 21 Jul 2017, 00:00 Information and communication technology is about to revolutionise Germany’s energy sector once again. The birthplace of the energy transition needs a more flexible and efficient electricity system ...
  • News
  • Chances “better than ever” for CO₂ pricing in Germany – government advisor

    06 Jun 2019, 14:21 Germany has a rare window of opportunity to introduce CO₂ pricing as part of a comprehensive reform of the country’s energy taxes and levies and must urgently use it, according to economist and government advisor Andreas Löschel. To ...
  • Germany starts coal exit talks in bid to improve patchy climate record

    06 Jun 2018, 00:00 Germany has launched official talks on phasing out coal in power generation. The aim is to cut greenhouse gas emissions that have remained stubbornly high despite the country’s ongoing shift to renewable power. The government on ...
  • 29 Jan 2020 |

    German govt adopts coal exit, fixes hard coal compensation

    29 Jan 2020, 14:32 The German government has officially approved the end of coal-fired power production in Germany. Chancellor Angela Merkel's cabinet adopted a law detailing plant shutdowns and compensation payments for coal companies, confirming a ...
  • 02 Dec 2015

    RWE split “perhaps too late” / Refugees affect German CO2 emissions

    02 Dec 2015, 00:00 91tv 91tv Süddeutsche Zeitung “Late, perhaps too late” RWE’s plans are radical and effectively split Germany’s second largest utility in two, writes Caspar Busse in a commentary for Süddeutsche Zeitung. “The decision is ...
  • Ailing German energy giant RWE spins off renewables

    01 Dec 2015, 00:00 Stricken energy giant RWE revealed on Tuesday it plans to spin off a company focused on renewables and grids to raise capital, while retaining fossil and nuclear energy generation. Germany's leading energy company E.ON had ...
  • Weakened Merkel set to seek coalition talks with Greens, FDP

    24 Sep 2017, 00:00 Despite heavy losses in Germany's parliamentary elections, Angela Merkel is poised to stay chancellor for another four years. The voters’ decision sets her conservative CDU/CSU party alliance on course for coalition talks with the ...
  • 30 Mar 2022 |

    BETD22: Supporting energy transition in developing nations more urgent amid war

    30 Mar 2022, 15:54 Renewable energy sources are the answer to both the climate crisis and the energy crisis exacerbated by Russia’s war against Ukraine, said ministers at the Berlin Energy Transition Dialogue. Experts, politicians, business leaders and ...
  • 26 Oct 2015

    A brown coal standby reserve to cut CO2

    26 Oct 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy “Gabriel: Brown coal agreement is important contribution to reaching climate targets” Coal power plant operators will gradually transfer 2.7 ...
  • Norway bets on gas and CCS to complement Europe’s energy transition

    31 Aug 2018, 13:36 With its vast amounts of hydro energy, many would like Norway to become Europe’s “green battery”, supplying neighbours with steady power when there is little wind or sun. An extreme heat wave and dry weather in the first half of 2018 ...
  • German election primer – Fight over combustion engine phase-out heats up

    12 Jul 2021, 12:20 Germany's upcoming general election adds fuel to the debate about whether combustion engines have a future in the birth country of the automobile and whether a general speed limit should be introduced on its famed autobahns. Given ...
  • 13 Aug 2015

    In the media: RWE result down; new plan for nuclear waste

    13 Aug 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv RWE RWE operating result down by 11 percent / increased earnings from renewables Germany’s second biggest energy utility RWE reported a reduced operating result and EBITDA for the first six months ...
  • 27 Mar 2019 |

    German task force can't agree on sufficient traffic emissions cuts

    27 Mar 2019, 15:42 The German commission charged with proposing emissions cuts for the nation's transport sector has failed to agree on enough steps to reach the country’s climate targets. During what was billed as the decisive meeting, members could ...
  • 12 Jun 2019 |

    Start-up Next Kraftwerke's renewable virtual power plant stabilises grid

    12 Jun 2019, 13:26 91tv is stepping up its business coverage and exploring how the commercial landscape is being transformed by Germany's energy transition. To showcase the upheaval underway in the world’s fourth largest economy, we' ...
  • 09 Sep 2021 |

    German Greens refuse to reveal red lines in coalition talks

    09 Sep 2021, 14:11 Current polls suggest Germany's elections on 26 September will be followed by complicated coalition talks, but the Green Party refuses to reveal what they consider red lines during the negotiations. The party's climate policy ...
  • 23 Jun 2017 |

    Leaders of Greens, FDP lock horns over energy policy as elections loom

    23 Jun 2017, 00:00 The leading candidates of the two smaller yet influential German political parties sparred at a utilities conference in Berlin over major energy policy issues, such as the exit from coal-fired power generation and a national versus a ...
  • 20 Nov 2019 |

    Design of Germany's wind power distance rules undecided as opposition to policy grows

    20 Nov 2019, 13:04 Following intense criticism of the German government's planned minimum distance rules for wind power by industry and environmental groups, economy minister Peter Altmaier says the government has not made a final decision on what ...
  • First solar auction sees price above current feed-in tariff

    29 Apr 2015, 00:00 Germany’s first auction for large solar arrays attracted many bidders but did not push prices below the current feed-in tariffs. On average, successful bids came in at 9.17 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh), compared to a feed-in tariff of ...
  • 29 Dec 2015 |

    2016 Outlook – Key topics for Germany’s energy transition

    29 Dec 2015, 00:00 2016 is set to be another eventful year in German energy policy. The Paris climate summit underlined the need to reduce emissions even further, which will ultimately involve painful decisions about the future of coal. A series of ...
  • Coronavirus impact lays bare inflexibility of German power generation and demand

    07 May 2020, 09:31 Slumping power demand due to the coronavirus crisis combined with April’s strong wind and solar power production have revealed that Germany's fossil and renewable electricity generation, as well as electricity demand, need to ...
  • Merkel endorses proposal to raise 2030 EU emission reduction target

    28 Apr 2020, 18:30 German Chancellor Angela Merkel has said she welcomes the proposal by the European Commission to raise the bloc’s greenhouse gas reduction target for 2030 to between 50 and 55 percent. In her speech at the 11th Petersberg Climate ...
  • 28 Sep 2020 |

    Germany takes first small step towards finding nuclear waste resting place

    28 Sep 2020, 13:18 Germany has made the first step in finding a final resting place for its nuclear waste in what will be an intricate, drawn-out process over the coming decade. An initial report by the Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal ...
  • 06 Feb 2015

    In the media: Local utilities warn against dangers to power supply

    06 Feb 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv DIW studies “Electricity Grids and Climate Targets: New Approaches to Grid Planning” The latest assumptions that will be used in the government's grid development plan take new climate ...
  • 28 Jan 2015

    In the media: Government agrees plan for solar auctions

    28 Jan 2015, 00:00 91tv 91tv Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Cabinet agrees to auction plan for solar subsidies The German economics and energy ministry said the government cabinet had signed off on its plans to auction the ...
  • 21 Jan 2015 |

    Countries must commit on climate action for 2015 summit success- German minister

    21 Jan 2015, 00:00 Environment minister Barbara Hendricks looks forward to the UN climate summit and the role of Germany's climate action programme, hails the global contribution made by German renewable technology and doubts the economic sense of ...
  • 21 Jan 2015

    In the media: Reactions to minister's rejection of capacity markets

    21 Jan 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Dow Jones Newswires “Gabriel undermines electricity industry’s confidence in the Energiewende” Writing for Dow Jones Newswires, Christian Grimm says energy minister Sigmar Gabriel has “broken his ...
  • 16 Nov 2017 |

    COP23- Day 11: Germany ratifies Doha / Canada, UK march ahead on coal

    16 Nov 2017, 00:00 Germany ratifies Doha without joint EU move / “If the talks continue this way, we will reach our negotiation targets” – German negotiator / UK and Canada march ahead on coal exit, NGOs criticise Germany / “Move away from fossils if you ...
  • 02 Jan 2015

    In the media: Wind power booms while solar wanes; Energiewende is popular, but Germans grumble about implementation

    02 Jan 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Handelsblatt / dpa “Solar boom continues to ebb“ Germany built 1.95 gigawatts-worth of solar installations in 2014 – 43 percent fewer than the year before, the Handelsblatt writes, reporting ...
  • 13 Dec 2018 |

    “All countries face same challenges, but some simply tackle them”- Green MP

    13 Dec 2018, 18:20 The global community is closely watching Germany’s lagging domestic climate action, which certainly does not help the country’s credibility in international negotiations, says Lisa Badum, climate policy spokesperson of the Greens' ...
  • 25 Oct 2017 |

    COP23 – 'Germany can achieve most for climate by technology export'

    25 Oct 2017, 00:00 Germany is hosting this year’s international climate summit (COP23) in Bonn. The conference will be about establishing the trust in mutually agreed rules on climate protection, says Carsten Rolle, head of the energy and climate policy ...
  • Ministry plans renewables expansion push to reach Germany's 2030 target

    02 Sep 2020, 12:55 A faster deployment of more renewable installations that run into less problems with citizens and are able to quickly survive in the market without government support are at the centre of a renewables law reform proposal by Germany’s ...
  • 25 Sep 2017 |

    Vote2017: Politicians' comments on German election results

    25 Sep 2017, 00:00 Germans have handed Chancellor Angela Merkel a fourth term in the country’s federal election. Most likely, Merkel will have to start talks with the Free Democrats (FDP) and the Green Party to form a so-called "Jamaica coalition, ...
  • 05 Jan 2016

    Renewables growth in 2015- 'normal' slowing or year of 'disillusionment'?

    05 Jan 2016, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv dpa/Frankfurter Rundschau “Growth of wind power sluggish in 2015” 2015 will enter the history of German renewables as a year of disillusionment, according to a report by press agency dpa. ...
  • Booming German wind power sector fears 2019 cliff

    11 Sep 2017, 00:00 Wind power lobby groups say new funding rules are resulting in unrealistically low compensation, squeezing wind farm operators and turbine manufacturers, while measures to help citizen-owned projects compete in the sector are being ...
  • 07 Sep 2017 |

    Germany heads for "spectacular" 2020 climate target miss- study

    07 Sep 2017, 00:00 Germany must urgently step up its CO2 reduction efforts immediately after the upcoming elections if it wants to prevent a spectacular miss of its 2020 climate targets, according to think tank Agora Energiewende. Instead of reducing ...
  • 16 Nov 2015

    More households cut off from power; 4°C world "un-insurable"

    16 Nov 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Spiegel Online “Grid Agency: About 350,000 households had their power cut off” The number of power cut-offs in Germany rose by two percent to a new record in 2014, reports Spiegel Online. According ...
  • 27 Jul 2017 |

    Reactions to allegations over German carmaker cartel

    27 Jul 2017, 00:00 Germany's most important carmakers have met in "secret workshops" since the 1990s in order to reach agreements on technological standards and prices, according to a report by news magazine Der Spiegel. The companies ...
  • 30 Sep 2015

    In the media: Carmakers complain about 'anti-diesel' lobby

    30 Sep 2015, 00:00 91tv 91tv FAZ/World Economic Forum “Praise for German competitiveness” According to the World Economic Forum’s new Global Competitiveness Report, Germany is one of the most economically competitive countries in the world, ...
  • German reactions to reports on US withdrawal from Paris Agreement

    01 Jun 2017, 00:00 According to several US media reports, the Trump administration has decided to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement. The US President said on Twitter he would announce his decision on Thursday. The USA would be the first country to ...
  • 23 Jun 2020 |

    Recovery package first test for German EU Council presidency – policy analyst

    23 Jun 2020, 14:00 Helping European Union member states find a compromise on a coronavirus recovery package in July will be a first test for the German EU Council presidency in the second half of 2020, says Sophie Pornschlegel, senior policy analyst at ...
  • 03 Jul 2015

    In the media: Criticism of cost of deal to retire some coal plants

    03 Jul 2015, 00:00 Sven Egenter Ruby Russell Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy State secretary Baake: power market 2.0 guarantees supply security Germany’s economy and energy ministry is proposing a reform of the power market based on an energy ...
  • 10 Jun 2020 |

    German hydrogen strategy aims for global leadership in energy transition

    10 Jun 2020, 16:10 Germany places a large bet on hydrogen produced using renewable energy in its highly anticipated national hydrogen strategy that serves to underpin the country's ambitions to become a global leader in the technology. The strategy ...
  • 13 Jun 2016

    Battle over renewables act continues / ‘Insane’ efficiency support

    13 Jun 2016, 00:00 Sören Amelang Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Süddeutsche Zeitung “Don’t miss the transition” Renewable energies have become so cheap that many countries have started an Energiewende, only for Germany to hit the brakes with its ...
  • 27 Jun 2018 |

    "Energiewende acceptance will become key question"-gov energy advisor

    27 Jun 2018, 17:29 As the energy transition touches more and more aspects of everday life, public acceptance will become a key question for the project's future, economist Andreas Löschel says. In the 91tv interview, the academic who heads the ...
  • 19 Jun 2018 |

    Merkel pledges stronger climate action globally and at home

    19 Jun 2018, 18:10 In her speech at the Petersberg Climate Dialogue, German Chancellor Angela Merkel called for more ambitious global climate action and multilateral cooperation. At international level, it will be important to develop a rulebook for the ...
  • 13 Apr 2015

    In the media: Energiewende could bring 230,000 new jobs by 2050

    13 Apr 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv neue energie “230,000 new jobs – if the Energiewende succeeds” A new and as yet unpublished study by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy concludes that renewables are a boon for ...
  • 20 Mar 2015 |

    German government wants to tackle old coal-fired plants to meet emission goals

    20 Mar 2015, 00:00 UPDATE-- Germany needs a national instrument to reduce carbon emissions from the power sector to meet climate targets by 2020 because even a reformed European Emissions Trading System (ETS) alone will not have enough impact, leaked ...
  • 03 May 2018 |

    Germany wants transparent global climate reporting to ensure trust

    03 May 2018, 00:00 Negotiators from 184 countries gather in the city of Bonn from 30 April to 10 May to work on the implementation of the landmark Paris Agreement, designed to limit global warming to under 2°C. The German government is a longtime ...
  • 09 Feb 2015

    In the media: Nuclear power sector's chamber orchestra shuts down

    09 Feb 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn Spiegel Online / Energy Brainpool / Fraunhofer IWES "This is what the power market of the future could look like" In order to incorporate fluctuating power from millions of small, decentralised producers, the ...
  • 22 May 2019 |

    The stakes for energy and climate policy are high in EU elections

    22 May 2019, 13:45 Voters across the EU will head to the polls between 23 and 26 May to elect a new European Parliament. It’s one of three major European institutions — along with the European Commission and Council — due for elections or leadership ...
  • 02 Mar 2016

    Moves to cap renewables / West German buyer for east German lignite?

    02 Mar 2016, 00:00 tageszeitung “Short-sighted cap fans” Despite fighting climate change being a national objective and renewables now the cheapest source of energy, leading conservative politicians want to use reform of the Renewable Energy Act (EEG) to ...
  • 16 Jan 2015

    In the media: Offshore wind milestone, charging e-mobility, Vattenfall's coal plans

    16 Jan 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Business Green "Germany breezes past 1GW offshore wind milestone" Germany's renewables industry is celebrating another milestone this week, as an industry-backed report confirmed ...
  • 09 Oct 2019 |

    German govt adopts major climate law, set of measures to meet 2030 targets

    09 Oct 2019, 17:06 The German government cabinet has adopted the country’s first framework climate law and a detailed programme of measures to reach national and European targets for 2030. Against the backdrop of climate action protests by the Extinction ...
  • Views and comments on Germany's Climate Action Programme

    03 Dec 2014, 00:00 The German government has approved a package of measures to achieve its goal of reducing carbon emissions 40 percent by 2020 compared to 1990. The following collection provides a snapshot of comments and reactions. Sven Egenter Climate ...
  • Vote2017- Bareiß: "We will have to talk about a gradual end to renewables support."

    09 Dec 2016, 00:00 Germans will elect a new federal government in autumn 2017. Security, economic stability and refugees are likely to dominate election campaigns, but keeping the Energiewende on a steady course and fulfilling Germany’s international ...
  • 12 Nov 2014

    In the media: Reactions to energy minister's coal comments

    12 Nov 2014, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn Sven Egenter   Reactions to energy minister's warning against quick exit from coal power Frankfurter Rundschau “Too much coal” Everything points to a show-down between energy minister Sigmar Gabriel and environment ...
  • 20 Jan 2022 |

    German government push is key to kickstarting EU industry decarbonisation

    20 Jan 2022, 10:22 Germany's new government must take rapid policy decisions at home and actively engage at the EU level and beyond to pave the way for urgent emission cuts in energy-intensive industry. The start of the country's government ...
  • German coal exit timetable to be settled in last minute talks

    23 Jan 2019, 18:16 Germany’s detailed coal exit path and the end-date to coal-fired power generation remain unknown only days before a highly anticipated phase-out proposal is due to be published. A leaked draft of the final report of the country’s coal ...
  • 14 Dec 2015

    A 'terrific day for humanity' or just 'the lowest common denominator'?

    14 Dec 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Süddeutsche Zeitung “For humanity” The Paris treaty is a “terrific day for humanity” and spells out clearly that the fossil era is coming to an end, writes Michael Bauchmüller in a commentary for ...
  • 18 Sep 2015

    In the media: Greenpeace says lignite reserve illegal; staggering utility giants

    18 Sep 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Osnabrücker Zeitung / Dow Jones Newswires E.ON CEO compares cheap renewable power to “unpaid slaves” Current power market structures are not geared to taking up large amounts of renewable energy, E ...
  • 11 Mar 2022 |

    Q&A: How can Germany and the EU weather a fossil fuel embargo on Russia?

    11 Mar 2022, 13:03 As president Vladimir Putin continues to wage war in Ukraine and the U.S. is preparing to ban all oil imports from Russia, calls are getting louder for Germany and Europe to follow Washington’s lead. European countries are paying ...
  • 09 Feb 2021 |

    Recycling revolution necessary to complete the clean energy transition

    09 Feb 2021, 14:40 The energy transition marks the single largest effort in history to reduce industrial waste by pursuing the goal of burning zero fossil resources and replacing them with renewables- but it does not come without waste on its own. Germany ...
  • 22 Oct 2020 |

    Think tanks call for second 'Economic Miracle' to reach climate neutrality by 2050

    22 Oct 2020, 13:09 One year ago, the German government decided that the country should become climate-neutral by the middle of the century. What was lacking so far, however, was a plan how to achieve this. In order to fill this gap, three think tanks ...
  • Germany’s aspiring coalition parties disagree over coal exit speed

    15 Nov 2017, 00:00 The German coalition talks on climate and energy policy stumble over a dispute over the reduction of coal fired power production. Just days before exploratory talks are scheduled to finish, the Green Party and its negotiating partners ...
  • German government shuns coal levy, mothballs some lignite plants

    02 Jul 2015, 00:00 Germany will not impose an additional climate levy on old and dirty power plants. In late-night negotiations, the ruling government coalition buried a levy proposal, choosing instead to mothball and later decommission some lignite power ...
  • 15 Jun 2016

    E-car subsidies delayed / Deutsche Post goes electric

    15 Jun 2016, 00:00 Sören Amelang Kerstine Appunn Julian Wettengel 91tv 91tv Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung “Buyer’s premium for e-cars still cannot be applied for“ Customers still cannot apply for a buyer’s premium for new e-cars after the ...
  • 31 Oct 2017 |

    COP23- ‘We must use Bonn to push the national climate debate’

    31 Oct 2017, 00:00 Ahead of the climate summit in Bonn, Professor Mojib Latif, a leading climate scientist from the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research in Kiel, tells the 91tv about his distrust in emission data, the unfortunate ...
  • 11 Jun 2015

    In the media: Minister lacks support from the top for embattled coal levy

    11 Jun 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv DPA / Handelsblatt / Frankfurter Rundschau “Coal levy threatened” The levy on emissions from old coal-fired power stations is on the brink of failure, insiders have told German press agency DPA. ...
  • 26 Sep 2018 |

    Sustainability concept bolsters Germany’s football Euro 2024 bid

    26 Sep 2018, 13:14 The German Football Association (DFB) has included a sustainability concept in its bid to host the 2024 European Football Championship. UEFA is set to select the host country this week. The DFB says it wants the tournament to contribute ...
  • 28 Apr 2016 |

    Reactions to government decision on e-car subsidies

    28 Apr 2016, 00:00 The German government has decided to spend one billion euros to boost e-mobility, with the car industry contributing another 600 million euros. Starting in mid-May, buyers of pure e-cars will receive a premium of 4,000 euros, among ...
  • 24 Mar 2016

    Finance minister sceptical about e-car support / Utilities as 'capital destroyers'

    24 Mar 2016, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn Julian Wettengel 91tv 91tv Spiegel Online “E-car subsidies – Schäuble dampens hopes of a buyer’s premium“ There is increasing scepticism within the federal government concerning subsidies for e-cars. Vice ...
  • 04 Sep 2018 |

    Germany's home battery boom is far from over- Solarwatt CEO

    04 Sep 2018, 09:02 Germany commissioned its 100,000th home storage battery last week – and the boom is far from over, says Detlef Neuhaus, CEO of German solar PV module and residential battery storage system maker Solarwatt. Neuhaus warns that Germany is ...
  • 04 Mar 2015

    In the media: Greenpeace Energy to take legal action over UK nuclear support

    04 Mar 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) “No capacity payments to coal- and gas-fired power plants” Additional payments to operators of coal- and gas-fired power plants are currently not ...
  • 16 Mar 2021 |

    Germany sees record greenhouse gas emission fall due to pandemic, renewables

    16 Mar 2021, 12:00 Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions dropped nearly nine percent in 2020- the largest annual fall since 1990- as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic pushed down the use of fossil fuels and added to the effects of the shift to renewable ...
  • 12 Mar 2021 |

    How climate activists take on the German super election year

    12 Mar 2021, 14:30 Youth climate activists agree on one thing: Germany needs to adopt radical climate policies in order to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees. How best to push this agenda is a different question entirely. In this German “super election ...
  • 07 Dec 2018 |

    Climate and energy views of candidates to follow Merkel at helm of CDU

    07 Dec 2018, 09:13 With her decision not to seek re-election as party chair and chancellor, Angela Merkel has kicked off what is a novelty for her conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU): an organised internal election campaign for the party’s ...
  • 01 Aug 2018 |

    One year after German "diesel summit," air quality challenge remains

    01 Aug 2018, 17:31 With a national “diesel summit” in early August 2017, the German government tried to curb the fallout of the country’s emissions fraud scandal and avoid being sued by the European Commission over excessive air pollution. One year on, ...
  • 19 Dec 2014

    In the media: Linking Energiewende debates, modifying emissions trading, solar market comeback?

    19 Dec 2014, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv taz “The blind spot has to go“ It is good and important that the future of coal power in Germany is finally being discussed, Patrick Graichen, head of the Berlin based think-tank Agora Energiewende ...
  • 06 Jul 2017 |

    Sino-German tandem: Export champions promote global energy transition

    06 Jul 2017, 00:00 With the US pulling out of the Paris Agreement, China and Germany are making a very public display of leadership on climate protection and transition to green energy. The export heavyweights are eager to keep the global economy on track ...
  • 14 Nov 2014 |

    Energy transition becomes a tourist attraction

    14 Nov 2014, 00:00 Even as critics claim wind turbines are ruining the view at Germany's tourist spots, some destinations are making green energy infrastructure a focal point for visitors. Expert German Tourism Association Deutscher Tourismusverband ...
  • 04 Dec 2015 |

    COP21- Day 5: Mentioning 1.5°C, fossil fuels, finance

    04 Dec 2015, 00:00 Day 5 at the UN climate conference: Negotiatons are not "leaping forward" / 1.5°C should be mentioned in agreement / German climate action in the spotlight at home Expert BMU- Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature ...
  • 03 Dec 2015 |

    COP21 – Day 4: Slow progress, transport and the German COP slogan

    03 Dec 2015, 00:00 Day 4 at the UN climate conference: EU and G77 + China clash over differentiated responsibilities / A 2°C slogan translates into a 1.5°C target / Government compensation for CO2 emissions in transport Expert BMU- Federal Ministry for ...
  • 23 Mar 2020 |

    US keeps wary eye on EU carbon border tax plans

    23 Mar 2020, 08:55 The United States administration, politicians and industry warily watch European Union debates on introducing a carbon border adjustment mechanism, which would put a CO₂ price on goods imported to the EU to reduce the risk of carbon ...
  • 29 Oct 2015

    Suspend energy efficiency rules for refugee homes?

    29 Oct 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Federal Environment Agency (UBA) “Energiewende: Industrial consumers can use power more flexibly” German industry could make their power demand more flexible and thus reduce load by up to 6 ...
  • 27 Oct 2015

    A world of solar power and batteries / Vattenfall phases out 1GW of lignite

    27 Oct 2015, 00:00 CORRECTION- Vattenfall's underlying operating profit was 3,388 million SEK in the third quarter of 2015, not 3,388 billion. Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Vattenfall 3rd quarter results / Two 500 MW lignite units will be ...
  • 12 Oct 2015 |

    COP21 Interview: Germany must commit to brown coal exit before Paris

    12 Oct 2015, 00:00 The final negotiations for a global climate treaty in Paris are just weeks away. What is the German perspective on an international climate agreement and what has the energy transition (Energiewende) got to do with it? The Clean Energy ...
  • 04 Aug 2015

    In the media: Obama's Energiewende

    04 Aug 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Süddeutsche Zeitung “With greetings to Paris” The German environment ministry and several NGOs welcomed President Obama’s clean power deal as increasing the chances of achieving an effective ...
  • 03 Sep 2019 |

    German conservatives flesh out climate action plans ahead of decisive cabinet meeting

    03 Sep 2019, 17:45 Following key regional elections in eastern German Saxony and Brandenburg, the conservative parties in Chancellor Angela Merkel's grand coalition – the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Christian Social Union (CSU) – have ...
  • 28 Jan 2019 |

    German government stands ready to move on coal exit proposal

    28 Jan 2019, 17:56 The German government is ready to quickly supply financial means for the country’s exit from coal, said economy and energy minister Peter Altmaier. It will now examine the details of the proposal agreed by the country’s coal exit ...
  • Citizen participation as the key to energy transition success

    10 Mar 2015, 11:02 Since the energy transition took off in 2000, millions of Germans have become energy producers, investing in solar panels on their houses and buying shares in wind parks. Citizens' engagement is one reason that support for the ...
  • 26 Jun 2015

    In the media: Vattenfall shelves resettlement of coal communities

    26 Jun 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Berliner Morgenpost /dpa “Vattenfall stops resettlement plans near lignite mine in Nochten” Energy utility Vattenfall has stopped plans to resettle around 1700 people near its open cast lignite ...
  • 16 Sep 2021 |

    'We need climate policy that is as cost-efficient as possible'- FDP's Lukas Köhler

    16 Sep 2021, 13:52 Germany's pro-business Free Democratic Party (FDP) plans to argue the case for using emissions trading as the main tool for fighting climate change if they become part of the next federal government. The party wants to extend the ...
  • 25 Jun 2015

    In the media: "Coal levy- finally gone"

    25 Jun 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Süddeutsche Zeitung “Gabriel takes on the energy sector” Energy minister Sigmar Gabriel was given a chilly reception by the Chairwoman of the Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW) in ...
  • 13 May 2015

    In the media: "Missed chance" at energy G7; No money left for nuclear clean-up?

    13 May 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv ARD tagesschau.de “The German energy transformation is impressive” Ernest Moniz, the United States Secretary of Energy, has praised Germany’s development of renewables but said the US were not ...
  • Dedicated engineers have made Germany a “Green Energy Valley”- Start-up expert

    27 Jun 2019, 10:20 Germany’s engineering prowess and excellent support programmes have spawned a world-leading scene of start-ups dedicated to pushing the energy transition with innovative ideas, according to start-up expert Klaus Fichter. There are ...
  • 30 Jan 2015

    In the media: Car emissions, grid connections and power storage

    30 Jan 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Zeit Online "Germany warns against overly strict thresholds for cars" Under EU regulations, by 2021 CO2 emissions from new cars must not exceed an average of 95 grams per kilometre. By ...
  • 22 Sep 2020 |

    A climate-friendly post-coronavirus stimulus – tracking the debate

    22 Sep 2020, 10:30 As the coronavirus crisis drives many governments across the globe to introduce emergency plans to cushion the immediate economic effects, there are growing calls to align any mid and long-term stimulus efforts with climate targets. ...
  • EU should take lead in climate cooperation with the US- political analyst

    13 Nov 2020, 15:15 The election of Joe Biden as the next president of the United States is raising hopes that the US can be a partner again in international efforts to combat climate change. The US backed away from many climate commitments during the ...
  • 28 Nov 2014

    In the media: Environment Minister says Germany on track for climate targets

    28 Nov 2014, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv RBB Info Interview with Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks With the Climate Action Programme, due to be passed by cabinet next week, Germany is on track to reach its greenhouse gas reduction ...
  • 18 Nov 2017 |

    COP23- Day 12: Germany positive on results from Bonn

    18 Nov 2017, 00:00 Bonn had delivered what was necessary to be on schedule for the decisions needed at COP24 in Katowice, the Germany delegation said / Negotiations finished in the early hours of 18 November / Last contentious issues still debated through ...
  • 12 Nov 2014 |

    Many German households to get cheaper power for first time in years

    12 Nov 2014, 00:00 After more than a decade of rising electricity prices, German utilities are passing on some of their savings from lower wholesale prices and a cut in the renewable energy surcharge. But with a number of government decisions on the next ...
  • Government paper lays out options for German power market overhaul

    31 Oct 2014, 00:00 The German government plans a complete overhaul of energy sector legislation. But one key question is as yet unanswered: Do fossil power plants need subsidies if Germany is to avoid power shortages? A green paper on energy market reform ...
  • 12 May 2016

    Offensive for energy efficiency / Germany rejects carbon floor price

    12 May 2016, 00:00 Sören Amelang Julian Wettengel 91tv 91tv Ministry for Energy and Economic Affairs (BMWi) Germany aims to give energy efficiency new push The German government has launched a new offensive to increase energy efficiency. ...
  • 12 Apr 2016 |

    Growth in the efficiency sector / Electric trucks / Concerns over coal

    12 Apr 2016, 00:00 Sören Amelang Kerstine Appunn Julian Wettengel Hydrogen DENEFF / PwC “10 percent turnover growth in the efficiency sector” Companies in the business of supplying energy efficiency solutions grow much faster than the rest of the economy, ...
  • 27 Apr 2016

    Incentives to reach at least 400,000 e-cars / 23.3 billion euro proposal for nuclear fund

    27 Apr 2016, 00:00 (CORRECTION- In first paragraph on e-car premium: Government and industry will invest 600 million euros each, not 600,000 million euros; government will invest an additional 400 million euros in charging stations, not 400,000 million ...
  • 04 Oct 2018 |

    A power grid fit for a clean energy future

    04 Oct 2018, 14:48 Germany’s shift from fossil fuelled and nuclear power will only succeed if the infrastructure is there to support a very different kind of energy system. But the country’s grid is just not up to the job of making proper use of all the ...
  • German climate law put off as disagreements weigh on governing coalition

    18 Feb 2019, 13:24 A dispute over what is supposed to be its most important climate policy is adding to the woes of Germany’s governing coalition. Chancellor Angela Merkel’s conservative CDU/CSU alliance and their centre-left coalition partner SPD are ...
  • Reactions to Germany's official launch of coal exit task force

    07 Jun 2018, 00:00 Germany has launched official talks to phase out coal power in a bid to cut greenhouse gas emissions that have remained stubbornly high despite the country’s shift to renewable power. The 91tv collects reactions from ...
  • 22 Mar 2016

    Wind power firms inflating / Smart under suspicion / Minister in Chernobyl

    22 Mar 2016, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn Julian Wettengel 91tv 91tv Handelsblatt “To inflate or to die” Nordex, the small Danish wind turbine manufacturer, has confirmed the takeover of the wind branch of the Spanish group Acconia. The cartel ...
  • 17 Mar 2016

    2015 emissions rise / An international view of the energy transition

    17 Mar 2016, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Federal Environment Agency (UBA) Emissions data 2015 – 6 million tonnes more CO2 2015 has seen a slight increase in greenhouse gas emissions, the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) reports. According ...
  • 15 Mar 2016

    An unconstitutional nuclear phase-out? / Vattenfall's 'coal chaos'

    15 Mar 2016, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Süddeutsche Zeitung “Was the nuclear phase-out unconstitutional?” Germany’s Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe will on Tuesday and Wednesday hear parties in the case of the country’s nuclear phase ...
  • 10 Sep 2021 |

    Merkel leaves work to do with mixed climate legacy

    10 Sep 2021, 10:11 Once touted as the “climate chancellor”, Germany’s outgoing head of government Angela Merkel’s climate leadership over her 16 years in office is now seen by many as middling. International observers commend her steadfast leadership in ...
  • 22 Feb 2016

    Industry softens Energiewende bashing / New support for PV storage

    22 Feb 2016, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Die Welt Industry softens Energiewende-bashing At the latest meeting of Chancellor Angela Merkel’s conservative CDU party’s economic council (CDU Wirtschaftsrat), business leaders softened their ...
  • 17 Sep 2019 |

    German climate policy faces pivotal moment on 20 September

    17 Sep 2019, 13:33 Chancellor Angela Merkel's government coalition is racing to put together a major climate action package by 20 September, just in time for UN Secretary-General António Guterres' climate summit in New York on 23 September. Mere ...
  • Reactions to EU's Green Deal from Germany

    12 Dec 2019, 16:06 The European Union’s new executive has presented its highly anticipated Green Deal to tackle climate change. The policy package  commits the EU to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. The 91tv presents reactions to the ...
  • 03 Dec 2015 |

    COP21 Interview: Next innovation wave in economy will be “green"

    03 Dec 2015, 00:00 The final negotiations for a global climate treaty have kicked off in Paris. What is the German perspective on an international climate agreement and what has the energy transition (Energiewende) got to do with it? The 91tv ...
  • 10 Aug 2021 |

    “No more time to lose” to keep 1.5°C within reach – German reactions to IPCC report

    10 Aug 2021, 13:00 German politicians and other stakeholders said the latest major report on climate change by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an urgent warning that rapid emission cuts are needed to keep the Paris Agreement target ...
  • Debate on financing renewables in new ways gathers pace in Germany

    23 Feb 2017, 00:00 Against a backdrop of general elections later this year, a debate about a general overhaul of Germany’s much-imitated system for renewables support is gathering pace. Many proponents of replacing the current Renewable Energy Act (EEG) ...
  • 22 Sep 2015

    In the media: VW's blatant deception; "error in the IEA energy bible"

    22 Sep 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) “The VW scandal” It is a mystery why VW decided to take the risk of manipulating emission results with rather limited benefits, writes Holger Appel in FAZ. Why ...
  • 17 Sep 2015

    In the media: Havoc for utilities; a push for robot cars

    17 Sep 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Bloomberg “Why Germany’s nuclear power exit is causing havoc for utilities” Financing the nuclear phase-out is the biggest challenge yet for Germany’s large utilities, which explains this week’s ...
  • 03 Sep 2015

    In the media: Germany to block utilities' escape from nuclear clean-up costs

    03 Sep 2015, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Die Zeit / Spiegel Online / Reuters Utilities must remain liable for nuclear clean-up costs Energy companies are to remain liable for the cost of decommissioning nuclear power plants and storing ...
  • Reactions to Germany's stimulus programme and its climate effects

    05 Jun 2020, 15:13 The German government coalition has decided to reboot Europe's largest economy with a 130 billion euros stimulus package that contains many steps to further the country's landmark energy transition. The 91tv ...
  • Germany gives energy transition mild push with economic stimulus programme

    04 Jun 2020, 14:06 The German government coalition has decided to reboot Europe's largest economy with a 130 billion euros stimulus package that contains steps to further the country's landmark energy transition. Aside from comprehensive actions ...
  • Putin and Merkel meet to find solution on gas pipeline Nord Stream 2

    18 Aug 2018, 20:13 Russia and Germany are set to proceed with the completion of a second natural gas pipeline under the Baltic Sea between the two countries. At a meeting with Russian President Putin near Berlin, German Chancellor Merkel sought to dispel ...
  • 13 Jan 2020 |

    EU push for green finance compels Germany to develop coherent strategy in 2020

    13 Jan 2020, 17:00 Preview 2020: Green and sustainable finance has made a steep ascent in Germany last year and established itself as a key element of climate policy. Government plans to become a leading location for green financial products, intensifying ...
  • 26 Mar 2015 |

    “The Energiewende is a big democratic project”

    26 Mar 2015, 00:00 Encouraged by federal legislation such as the Renewable Energy Act, the governments of many German states have worked hard to make the Energiewende a success, as well as a business opportunity for their citizens. Others have been slower ...
  • 15 Jun 2020 |

    The heat is on to make German buildings 'nearly' climate-neutral

    15 Jun 2020, 10:30 A mainly fossil energy guzzler, heating in Germany has taken a back seat to the Energiewende's poster child, the power sector. But the “Wärmewende”, or heating transition, has significant potential to curb emissions and is ...
  • Merkel prepares departure in shock move at key time for climate policy

    29 Oct 2018, 16:39 The elections in the German state of Hesse have set in motion a major shift in the country's political landscape. Germany's national government coalition parties took the second pounding at regional elections in a row, ...
  • 12 Oct 2018 |

    Shake-up in Bavaria's election may impact German energy policy

    12 Oct 2018, 16:30 The surge of far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) and a strong showing of the Green Party look set to end the absolute majority of conservative Christian Social Union (CSU) in Bavarian state elections on 14 October. The CSU is a ...
  • 19 Jan 2016

    Energy minister wants round table on coal, unions demand commission

    19 Jan 2016, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Federal Ministry for Energy and Economic Affairs (BMWi) Gabriel says wants round table on future of coal Germany’s energy minister Sigmar Gabriel has said he wants to establish a round table on the ...
  • 20 Nov 2017 |

    German coalition talks collapse despite progress on climate and energy

    20 Nov 2017, 00:00 After almost five weeks of deliberations, the pro-business Free Democratic Party has pulled the plug on Chancellor Angela Merkel’s efforts to form a coalition government made up of her conservative CDU/CSU alliance, the Greens and the ...
  • 15 Nov 2017 |

    COP23- Day 10: Merkel disappoints hopes for clear words on coal

    15 Nov 2017, 00:00 German Chancellor calls on world to walk the talk, fails to deliver strong statement on German coal / Representatives from science, climate and environmental NGOs, and vulnerable small island states appealed to Merkel to meet the ...
  • 14 Nov 2016 |

    Reactions to Germany's Climate Action Plan 2050

    14 Nov 2016, 00:00 After a public consultation process of over a year and months of political wrangling, the German government agreed on a climate action plan 2050. While this roadmap to a nearly carbon-emission free economy contains detailed targets for ...
  • German reactions to the EU Commission’s energy summer package

    15 Jul 2015, 00:00 The European Commission has launched its proposals for an Energy Union, including reform of the emissions trading scheme, a redesign of the European power market, updated efficiency labelling and consumer empowerment. 91tv has compiled ...
  • Preview 2022- What to watch in energy & climate in Germany and beyond

    20 Dec 2021, 10:55 The start of Germany's new government makes 2022 a crucial year for the country's landmark energy transition. All eyes are on the three-way coalition's first steps towards implementing its ambitious climate plans, which ...
  • 18 Sep 2017 |

    German election to define speed and shape of energy transition

    18 Sep 2017, 00:00 With Germans about to cast their votes in the federal election, Chancellor Angela Merkel is virtually certain to retain power. But the make-up of the next coalition will be key to how the new government tackles a host of energy and ...
  • 10 Dec 2018 |

    COP24 blog- Germany drops in climate performance

    10 Dec 2018, 09:03 Germany is under scrutiny at the UN climate summit COP24 in Poland: the country will fail its 2020 climate target and only the next year will show if a push to phase-out coal-fired power production will result in an end date for the CO2 ...
  • 22 May 2019 |

    Can Salzgitter cut Germany's CO2 emissions with low-carbon steel project?

    22 May 2019, 11:33 Volker Hille’s passion project could cut Germany’s entire CO2 output by almost one percent. He is head of corporate technology at Salzgitter Group, one of Europe’s largest steelmakers, which currently emits around eight million tonnes ...
  • PV auctions: More competition, but critics warn of target shortfalls

    26 Aug 2016, 00:00 In August, Germany held the fifth tender in its new auction pilot scheme for payments to large-scale solar projects. While officials overseeing the programme continue to praise its results and declining price levels, critics warn that ...
  • Climate after corona: green stimulus package could boost the economic recovery

    08 Apr 2020, 15:30 The coronavirus crisis is driving many economies around the globe into recession, leading policymakers to draw up unprecedented spending plans to cushion the impact and enable recoveries. Activists, environmental think tanks and others ...
  • Germany's "Man-to-the-Moon"-project: Quotes from Energiewende conference

    27 Mar 2015, 00:00 UPDATE-- Over 900 ministers, officials, business people, energy experts and journalists from around 60 countries take part in the first Berlin Energy Transition Dialogue, a two-day confernce hosted by the German Foreign Ministry, the ...
  • 04 Oct 2018 |

    Germany laggard in assessing fossil investment risks- Deutsche Börse

    04 Oct 2018, 14:16 The financial sector in Germany needs better regulation to fully incorporate sustainability criteria in its business practices, says Kristina Jeromin, head of sustainability at the German stock exchange Deutsche Börse and managing ...
  • 09 Feb 2018 |

    2030 renewables goal "not difficult"-CDU energy politician Pfeiffer

    09 Feb 2018, 00:00 The coalition agreement by Germany's would-be coalition parties CDU/CSU and SPD is a step towards "realistic" Energiewende policy, says CDU energy policy spokesperson Joachim Pfeiffer. He argues a coal exit date for ...
  • 18 Nov 2014 |

    Homes for the Energiewende

    18 Nov 2014, 00:00 The Energiewende is gradually transforming German homes – not just towards greater energy efficiency but to become producers as well as consumers of energy. Expert Institute for Housing and Environment Institut Wohnen und Umwelt ...
  • Germany faces challenges to its triad of targets at European climate negotiations

    22 Oct 2014, 00:00 Germany is to push for a triad of targets for 2030 at the EU climate summit on 23-24 October with broad backing from the public, and some concerns on the part of industry. Expert BDI- Federation of German Industries Bundesverband der ...
  • 23 Jun 2020 |

    EU climate plans near top of Germany’s "coronavirus presidency"

    23 Jun 2020, 15:13 Tough talks on how to make the European Union climate neutral by 2050 are a major challenge for Germany’s 6-month EU Council presidency in the second half of 2020. The negotiations for a European economic recovery programme will be a ...
  • 16 May 2019 |

    Merkel puts contentious CCS technology back on German agenda

    16 May 2019, 16:50 Chancellor Angela Merkel has put carbon capture and storage (CCS) back on the table, saying the controversial technology was crucial for Germany to reach climate neutrality by mid-century. CCS has been met with a lot of public mistrust ...
  • 09 Dec 2015 |

    COP21- Day 10: New text, same issues, overnight talks

    09 Dec 2015, 00:00 [Updates party statments to new draft text] Issues of differentiation, finance, loss and damage remain / High ambition coalition seeks attention and new partners / "Preparing for long nights" says German environment minister ...
  • 27 Sep 2021 |

    "Climate crisis as a top priority"- Reactions to German federal elections

    27 Sep 2021, 14:05 The Social Democrats (SPD) under chancellor candidate Olaf Scholz have narrowly won Germany's federal elections. According to preliminary final results, the SPD received 25.7 percent of votes, while the conservatives (CDU/CSU) ...
  • Heating start-up Thermondo aims to be leading energy supplier

    27 Mar 2019, 11:14 91tv is stepping up its coverage of how business is being transformed by Germany's energy transition. To showcase the upheaval underway in the world’s fourth largest economy, we have launched a series on start-ups that ...
  • “Utility in a box”- Start-up Lumenaza enables disruptive power trading

    20 Mar 2019, 11:49 91tv is stepping up its coverage of how business is being transformed by Germany's energy transition. To showcase the upheaval underway in the world’s fourth largest economy, we are launching a series on start-ups that ...
  • 28 Sep 2018 |

    Germany needs plan to unleash solar power again- researcher

    28 Sep 2018, 15:37 Germany's solar power industry used to be a leader of the renewable technology's global expansion but a series of political blunders has killed off solar power companies and passed the torch on to China, solar power researcher ...
  • 14 Oct 2019 |

    Coming of age: How will Germany’s renewable energy pioneers fare in the free market?

    14 Oct 2019, 11:00 Starting in 2021 and throughout the 2020s, many of Germany’s pioneer wind turbines, solar PV installations and biogas plants will stop receiving fixed feed-in tariffs, meaning many gigwatts in renewable capacity may be shut down if they ...
  • 09 Sep 2019 |

    Patchy counselling holds German citizens back from investing climate friendly

    09 Sep 2019, 12:00 Citizens have been a crucial driver of Germany's energy transition and many regard sustainability and especially environmental action a crucial feature of sound investments. Yet, the vast majority of savings in the country are not ...
  • Auction scheme for solar installations ushers in new phase for renewables market

    29 Jan 2015, 00:00 The German government has launched a pilot scheme that requires operators of open-space solar installations to bid for subsidies, rather than automatically receiving them. Berlin hopes competition among solar energy producers will ...
  • 02 Dec 2014

    In the media: E.ON and the age of dinosaurs, climate action ready for government approval

    02 Dec 2014, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Süddeutsche Zeitung “The end of dinosaurs“ In the end, the large dinosaurs who had ruled the world disappeared – Germany’s big energy companies face a similar fate, writes Markus Balser in the ...
  • 25 Nov 2014

    In the media: Making sense of the coal "roller coaster"

    25 Nov 2014, 00:00 Kerstine Appunn 91tv 91tv Dow Jones Newswires "Gabriel's coal proposal: utilities keep calm" German utilities are prepared to shut down some power stations, reports Dow Jones Newswires. They agreed to Economy ...
  • 22 Oct 2018 |

    Must Germans give up sausage and schnitzel to cut agri-food emissions?

    22 Oct 2018, 16:34 Eating and producing less meat is one way to curb emissions from the agriculture sector, but giving up sausages and schnitzel is a tough sell in Germany – not just for consumers but also for farmers and the government. There are a lot ...
  • 08 Aug 2017 |

    Germany’s vaunted vocational training programme strains to meet Energiewende’s demand for skilled workers

    08 Aug 2017, 00:00 Since Germany’s Energiewende shifted into gear in the early 2000s, the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors have created over a million jobs, many of them in technical branches, such as renewable energy production, power ...
  • 01 Jun 2017 |

    Cities and municipalities spearhead local transport revolution

    01 Jun 2017, 00:00 A large share of the emissions from towns and cities comes from traffic. If Germany is to reach its Energiewende goals, each will have to do their bit to reduce the number of vehicles on their roads, and steer citizens towards greener ...
  • 08 Dec 2021 |

    Election aftermath: Tracking the making of Germany's new government

    08 Dec 2021, 15:00 The September 2021 election result has left Germany with several options for a new government coalition. Agreeing it will involve lengthy negotiations to overcome major discrepancies between party programmes, and agreeing on a ...
  • Merkel, state premiers seek compromise on core Energiewende law

    31 May 2016, 00:00 [UPDATE with new details on 2025 renewable target in paragraph 3, ads News Digest items] German Chancellor Angela Merkel and state premiers will meet on Tuesday to work out a compromise on reforming the core piece of legislation behind ...
  • 16 Sep 2020 |
    EU

    New EU climate target proposal concern for German industry and NGOs

    16 Sep 2020, 12:50 German industry, politicians and environmental NGOs have criticised first details of the European Commission proposal for a more ambitious 2030 climate target. Plans for more stringent passenger car emission rules and the inclusion of ...
  • 27 Aug 2019 |

    Leading from behind – Germany's government sparks green finance to drive climate policy

    27 Aug 2019, 16:42 Addressing climate change and the pros and cons of renewable power have dominated German public debate for almost two decades, but the role of the finance sector in emissions reduction has taken a back seat. Many countries have already ...
  • 17 Oct 2018 |

    Disruption caused by energy transition is unstoppable- Amory Lovins

    17 Oct 2018, 14:44 The global energy transition is both accelerating and unstoppable, and will continue to disrupt many industries from carmaking to construction, according to green energy pioneer Amory Lovins. But the cofounder and Chief Scientist of the ...
  • 29 May 2020 |

    Corona crisis shakes up shift to sustainable urban mobility

    29 May 2020, 10:31 The corona pandemic has upended the transition to sustainable urban mobility around the world. While the fear of infection has put people off public transport and vehicle sharing schemes, it has boosted private cars, cycling and walking ...
  • 07 Jun 2015 |

    Merkel's quest for climate leadership at G7

    07 Jun 2015, 00:00 UPDATE (7 June 2015)-- All eyes are on Germany and Chancellor Angela Merkel during the G7 summit this weekend. Recent statements including her weekly podcast indicate Merkel intends to do justice to her former reputation as " ...
  • 17 Sep 2019 |

    Tracking the CO2 price debate in Germany

    17 Sep 2019, 13:28 After shying away from the debate for a long time, Germany's political leaders are finally considering putting a price on CO2 to help reach the country's climate targets. Chancellor Angela Merkel and her " climate cabinet ...
  • Merkel’s grand coalition in review: The climate and energy record

    08 Sep 2017, 00:00 As the current legislative period draws to a close, The 91tv asked key stakeholders to review the last four years of German energy and climate policy – and tell us what they would like to see from the next government. ...
  • 05 Sep 2019 |

    Germany's finance industry struggles to marry climate action and business strategy

    05 Sep 2019, 12:00 Banks, insurers and investment funds in Germany look back at nearly two decades of energy transition – but many of the biggest actors still struggle to embrace its potential as a core business area. While most are well aware of the ...
  • Europe vies with China for clean hydrogen superpower status

    24 Jul 2020, 10:40 The rivalry between Europe and China in emission-free hydrogen technologies could become one of the defining business stories in the global effort to stop climate change. Scarred by its painful experience in solar PV manufacturing, ...
  • 29 Apr 2021 |

    Tracking progress of Germany's 2030 climate action package

    29 Apr 2021, 12:30 With its Climate Action Law and the Climate Action Programme 2030, Germany's government coalition has presented a far-reaching climate strategy that is aimed at putting the country on track towards reaching its climate targets. The ...
  • 23 Sep 2019 |

    Reactions to government agreement on climate strategy, CO2 pricing

    23 Sep 2019, 09:41 The German government coalition has reached an agreement on the country's climate action strategy, including a pricing system for carbon emissions in all major sectors. The 91tv presents reactions to the deal. Sören ...
  • East German state elections pose litmus test for coal exit plans

    16 Aug 2019, 10:00 Voters in the eastern German states of Saxony and Brandenburg head to the polls on 1 September for crucial state elections. The results could have an outsized impact on German climate policy for three reasons. First, these states are ...
  • Auctions to set the price for wind and solar- the debate

    11 Apr 2016, 00:00 [Updated 11 April with results from fourth round of solar PV auctions] Feed-in tariffs (FITs) have driven the expansion of renewable energy in Germany, but in 2014 the government decided to gradually replace them with an auction system. ...
  • 27 Sep 2021 |

    Tracking climate and energy in Germany's election year

    27 Sep 2021, 15:30 Germany is set to vote for a new government on 26 September. After 16 years at the helm of Europe's largest economy, Chancellor Angela Merkel will make room for a successor who will shape the country's energy and climate ...
  • Mobility start-up ubitricity wants to revolutionise e-car charging

    03 Apr 2019, 13:13 91tv is stepping up its business coverage and exploring how the commercial landscape is being transformed by Germany's energy transition. To showcase the upheaval underway in the world’s fourth largest economy, we' ...
  • 28 Apr 2020 |

    Coronavirus crisis highlights risks of U.S.-European LNG deals diplomacy

    28 Apr 2020, 10:59 The coronavirus crisis has put a spotlight on deteriorating transatlantic relations as both continents focus on the well-being of their own populations and U.S. President Donald Trump continues to push his America First strategy. Over ...
  • 17 Mar 2015 |

    Moorburg power plant – Last of a dying breed, or the future of coal in Germany?

    17 Mar 2015, 00:00 The first block of a large coal-fired power station has just gone online in Hamburg, even as two thirds of German fossil-fuelled facilities fail to turn a profit and their operators are applying for many to be mothballed. So is the ...
  • 30 Dec 2014 |

    2015 outlook: Key topics for the Energiewende

    30 Dec 2014, 00:00 After an eventful 2014 – marked by the reform of the Renewable Energy Act (EEG), a new climate action package and the first fall in CO2 emissions for two years – German energy policy is primed for action in 2015. Expert AGEB- AG ...
  • 07 Dec 2018 |

    German conservatives elect Merkel-confidante as new party leader

    07 Dec 2018, 19:29 Germany's conservative Christian Democrats elected general secretary Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Chancellor Angela Merkel at the helm of the party. The election of Merkel's close ally and former premier in the ...
  • 21 Aug 2019 |

    German government enters crunch time on climate challenge

    21 Aug 2019, 16:00 Moment of truth for German climate policy: Right in time for the UN Climate Action Summit, chancellor Angela Merkel's government is due to present a raft of measures to drastically cut emissions. The eagerly awaited announcements ...
  • 11 May 2015 |

    Can Germany’s energy giants change their DNA?

    11 May 2015, 00:00 Large utilities are being forced to take radical steps to reshape their business models to fit the new energy landscape. But experts say it remains to be seen if they can innovate their way out of the crisis. Expert BDEW-German ...
  • 16 Dec 2019 |

    COP25 blog- Germany says worst has been avoided in Madrid, urges UN summit must change

    16 Dec 2019, 12:00 The UN climate summit COP25 in Spain is the last meeting of its kind before countries around the world are supposed to step up their ambitions under the Paris Climate Agreement in 2020. Germany has made several key climate action ...
  • 29 Dec 2015 |

    Loops and cracks: Excess German power strains Europe’s grids

    29 Dec 2015, 00:00 Europe’s power grids are supposed to become increasingly integrated – but right now the opposite seems to be happening. Germany’s eastern neighbours complain that the country’s renewable power production is putting a strain on their ...
  • White paper presents government proposal for power market reform

    09 Jul 2015, 00:00 Germany’s economy and energy ministry has set out its proposal for the future of the German power market in a white paper, which the cabinet is to take a decision on in October. The proposal is for an energy-only market, plus a capacity ...
  • Government opts for alternative to coal levy

    02 Jul 2015, 00:00 The government has agreed on a keenly awaited package of measures to further the Energiewende. But it gave in to pressure from trade unions and utilities and abandoned the idea of fining coal power plants for emitting greenhouse gases ...
  • Sector coupling- Shaping an integrated renewable energy system

    25 Apr 2018, 00:00 Germany's energy transition (Energiewende) has a new buzz-word: Sector coupling. The idea of running energy-intensive heating, transport and industry on renewable power instead of fossil fuels will require the rollout of many new ...
  • 05 Mar 2021 |

    EU’s Farm to Fork strategy impacts climate, productivity, and trade

    05 Mar 2021, 13:40 The European Green Deal with its landmark Farm to Fork and Biodiversity strategies aims to achieve nothing less than a complete overhaul of the EU's food system to reach the bloc's 2050 target of climate neutrality. The new ...
  • 07 Aug 2018 |

    Rail cargo emissions in Germany

    07 Aug 2018, 17:46 Rail freight, one of the potentially most climate-friendly modes of cargo transportation, is having a hard time to increase its clout in Germany's export-driven economy. Technical difficulties, red tape, and the twists and turns of ...
  • 10 Mar 2019 |

    Students demand climate action with “Fridays for Future” school strikes

    10 Mar 2019, 15:22 Students around the world are walking out of school on Fridays to demand faster action on climate change. The protests were inspired by 16-year-old Swedish activist Greta Thunberg, who began skipping school last August. In Germany, ...
  • The debate over an end to combustion engines in Germany

    28 Aug 2017, 00:00 France and the UK are planning to ban all combustion engine sales from 2040. The 91tv provides key quotes from German politicians, their parties' national election programmes, and industry players on the future of the ...
  • 16 Dec 2019 |

    Germany's Climate Action Programme 2030

    16 Dec 2019, 15:00 Germany has presented an official programme of measures for the country to reach its 2030 climate targets. The Climate Action Programme comes as a supplement to the country's Climate Action Law as part of a comprehensive package to ...
  • Resources and recycling needs for Germany's solar panels

    11 Feb 2021, 11:14 Solar PV is set to become the world's fastest growing power source over the next decades, triggering a major shift in resource requirements in the energy sector and producing vast quantities of installations that at some point turn ...
  • Securing utility payments for the nuclear clean-up

    26 Jun 2017, 00:00 Utilities are liable to pay for much of the costs of ridding Germany of its nuclear heritage. But given their economic troubles, will they be able to do so? To ensure the general public does not end up with footing the bill, the ...
  • How many car industry jobs are at risk from the shift to electric vehicles?

    07 Jul 2021, 10:45 The shift to electric mobility is firmly under way, heralding unprecedented challenges for Europe's car industry. In the face of increasingly ambitious climate targets, a phase-out of the combustion engine looks all but inevitable ...
  • 09 Sep 2016 |

    Germany’s trimmed-down Climate Action Plan

    09 Sep 2016, 00:00 After months of deliberation, the German environment ministry has presented a trimmed-down Climate Action Plan 2050 for consultation with other ministries. The plan has been presented as crucial for Germany to achieve its ambitious ...
  • 19 May 2025 |

    Nord Stream 2 – Symbol of failed German bet on Russian gas

    19 May 2025, 10:20 The controversial natural gas pipeline Nord Stream 2 has become a symbol of Germany's energy policy failures, after Russia weaponised its gas deliveries to Europe in order to stifle European action to support Ukraine. Construction ...
  • What's new in Germany's Renewable Energy Act 2021

    23 Apr 2021, 12:59 Germany's landmark Renewable Energy Act (EEG)- credited with making solar and wind power two of the most important electricity sources in the country- is undergoing another reform. Renewables shall grow faster, become cheaper and ...
  • 17 Sep 2021 |

    Vote21- Milestones & facts for Germany's packed election year

    17 Sep 2021, 09:00 Germany will head to the polls on 26 September to elect a new federal parliament and government. More than 60 million people are invited to decide who will follow on the outgoing Angela Merkel as next chancellor and oversee the climate ...
  • The history behind Germany's nuclear phase-out

    09 Mar 2021, 00:00 The nuclear phase-out is as much part of the Energiewende (energy transition) as the move towards a low-carbon economy. Despite ongoing quarrels over its costs and an international perception that “ German angst ” caused the government ...
  • Positions of key stakeholders on the EEG 2.0: Business and consumers

    06 Oct 2014, 00:00 This Factsheet lists views and positions of the the renewables sector, the industry sector and consumers on the new Renewable Energy Act (EEG) which came into effect on 1 August 2014. Energiewende Renewable Energy Act | EEG 2014 Policy ...
  • 07 Mar 2022 |

    Tesla's Berlin gigafactory will accelerate shift to electric cars

    07 Mar 2022, 14:14 Few recent business headlines have sparked as much talk in Germany as the arrival of Tesla's "gigafactory" near Berlin, which is set to churn out hundreds of thousands of electric cars in the birth country of the ...
  • 04 Apr 2022 |

    Green and sustainable finance in Germany

    04 Apr 2022, 11:30 Integrating finance into climate and energy policy has become a central challenge for governments around the world, as emissions reduction plans need proper funding and investments that can undermine their climate goals have to be cut ...
  • 11 May 2023 |

    Ukraine war pushes Germany to build LNG terminals

    11 May 2023, 11:15 The war in Ukraine has pushed efforts to diversify Germany’s gas supply away from Russian deliveries to the top of the government’s agenda. As part of these efforts, the government is going full steam ahead in supporting the build-up of ...
  • 25 Mar 2021 |

    BMW has tumbled from electric car pioneer to laggard

    25 Mar 2021, 00:00 BMW is best known for its racy high-performance cars, but the Bavarian company was also a pioneer in e-mobility and sustainability. But on the road to electrification, BMW has fallen behind domestic rivals VW and Daimler, as well as ...
  • Q&A – CCS makes comeback as Germany and the EU strive for climate neutrality

    07 Apr 2025, 09:50 Years of protest against industry plans to use carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a lifeline for coal power have made the technology a no-go issue for many politicians in Germany, Europe and beyond. Yet, countries' goals of ...
  • 20 Mar 2020 |

    High-profile advisory group lays out proposals for Germany's sustainable finance push

    20 Mar 2020, 17:00 Germany's government has aimed to make the country the leading location for a sustainable financial system. In a bid to establish a coherent strategy for aligning public and private investments made in the country with ...
  • 08 Jun 2017 |

    From survey to harvest: How to build a wind farm in Germany

    08 Jun 2017, 00:00 Commercial wind power production requires thorough planning and preparation. Project developers have to include geographical, technological, legal and social aspects in their calculation to conclude whether a wind farm at a given ...
  • 17 Nov 2014 |

    The Climate Action Programme – what it's all about

    17 Nov 2014, 00:00 On 3 December, the cabinet is to approve a new Climate Action Programme with measures to reduce the country’s CO2 emissions. But why is the government presenting the plan now? Climate & CO2 Fossil fuels Kerstine Appunn Germany has ...
  • Understanding the European Union’s Emissions Trading Systems (EU ETS)

    23 May 2024, 10:05 The European Union’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), which puts a price on climate change-inducing CO2 emissions, has been a key driver of decarbonisation in energy and industry for years, and the EU is setting up a similar scheme ...
  • What business thinks of the energy transition

    20 Sep 2017, 00:00 Companies have broadly mixed attitudes towards the Energiewende, depending on their sector, the size of their business, or location. Polls and analyses help explain their views. [UPDATE- Adds DIHK Energiewende Barometer 2017] Business ...
  • 19 Apr 2018 |

    Environmental concerns accompany German offshore wind expansion

    19 Apr 2018, 00:00 Offshore wind power is set to play a growing role in Germany’s energy transition, with productivity outperforming expectations and prices down to unprecedentedly low levels in the first auction. But the giant turbines also pose a ...
  • Reactions to the Renewable Energy Act reform 2016

    11 Jul 2016, 00:00 Germany is giving its main renewables support scheme, the Renewable Energy Act (EEG), a major overhaul, aiming to streamline the growth of renewables and to reduce costs for consumers. But the plans, including a switch from feed-in ...
  • 31 Mar 2021 |

    Reluctant Daimler shifts gear in race to sustainable mobility

    31 Mar 2021, 11:00 The Daimler Group and its iconic Mercedes-Benz brand are global bywords for luxury cars made in Germany. The company is a classic powerhouse of automobile innovation, but was slow to embrace electric mobility in earnest. Spooked by the ...
  • 16 Jun 2015 |

    Milestones of the German Energiewende

    16 Jun 2015, 00:00 This factsheet provides a time line of important events, policies and research that have shaped the energy transition in Germany over the past four decades. Energiewende Society Paul Hockenos 1972   Publication of “ The Limits to Growth ...
  • Germany’s Siemens: a case study in Energiewende industry upheaval

    23 Apr 2018, 00:00 Like no other company, German industry behemoth Siemens epitomises the upheaval caused by the Energiewende in the world’s fourth largest economy. None of the electrical engineering and electronic group’s businesses has been left ...
  • 18 Jun 2021 |

    Volkswagen places massive EV bet to master green mobility shift

    18 Jun 2021, 12:00 Volkswagen has initiated a remarkable transformation in the wake of the emissions cheating scandal of its own making. Shaken to the core by "Dieselgate," one of the world's largest carmakers embraced electric mobility ...
  • 14 Jan 2021 |
    EU

    Who sets the targets? Expert Q&A on European energy and climate policy

    14 Jan 2021, 08:50 Energy targets and climate policies in European countries have never been set only at national level. On a continent where small states share multiple borders, their energy systems are becoming increasingly interlinked, and thus ...
  • 15 Dec 2015 |

    COP21- Media on Germany and the Paris Climate Summit

    15 Dec 2015, 00:00 In this factsheet, the 91tv presents an overview of German media comments and reports on the Paris Climate Summit, which took place from 30 November to 11 December. COP21 Climate & CO2 Kerstine Appunn Süddeutsche ...
  • 13 Dec 2018 |

    Germany’s coal exit commission

    13 Dec 2018, 12:20 Germany has launched a highly anticipated task force on phasing out coal power, the most prominent blemish on the former climate action pioneer country’s emissions reduction record. The coal exit commission is supposed to find economic ...
  • 09 Aug 2024 |

    After the phase-out: Germany grapples with nuclear legacy as waste challenge remains

    09 Aug 2024, 10:00 Even after the last remaining reactors are shut down, the chapter of nuclear energy in Germany is far from over. The power plants must now be dismantled, and questions over where to store the radioactive waste, and how long it will take ...
  • 27 Nov 2024 |

    Polls reveal citizen support for climate action and energy transition

    27 Nov 2024, 13:00 The German public has put climate action at the top of its policy priorities for several years and remains strongly in support of the transition to a low-carbon and nuclear-free economy. The picture across Europe is more diverse, ...
  • 20 Apr 2017 |

    Key stakeholders in Germany’s Energiewende

    20 Apr 2017, 00:00 Which groups are invested in, and impacted by, the German energy transition? Here we identify the key stakeholder groups, their positions and concerns. Energiewende Sven Egenter Julian Wettengel The German federal government Federal ...
  • 07 Dec 2021 |

    The story of "Climate Chancellor" Angela Merkel

    07 Dec 2021, 13:30 German leader Angela Merkel has been nicknamed the "Climate Chancellor" for her long-standing international action on emission cuts. However, at the end of her 16-year German leadership in winter 2021 many see her climate ...
  • 20 Nov 2015 |

    Controversial climate summit issues – positions in Germany

    20 Nov 2015, 00:00 This factsheet gives an overview of the most disputed issues at the UN climate conference in Paris (COP21) and highlights the position of the German government and civil society on these topics. COP21 Kerstine Appunn Differentiation and ...
  • 25 May 2020 |

    "Dieselgate"- a timeline of the car emissions fraud scandal in Germany

    25 May 2020, 12:00 "Dieselgate" started out as a scandal exclusively affecting Germany's largest car company Volkswagen. But since it broke in September 2015, it has morphed into a global issue involving many industry giants. In Germany, ...
  • 91tv Network Blog
  • 26 Apr 2019 |

    Leslie Wayne: “Dumb questions can end up being the smartest of all.”

    26 Apr 2019, 11:55 Rose-Anne Clermont Climate & CO2 Business Leslie Wayne is a former business reporter at The New York Times and has taught at New York University and Columbia Graduate School of Journalism. She also worked for the International ...
  • 27 Jan 2021 |

    France eagerly awaits more detailed climate plan from China

    27 Jan 2021, 10:38 International The two countries have been solid partners throughout the Trump era and France is now watching China's investments closely, both at home and abroad. This report is part of the "Postcard from Europe" series ...
  • 14 Mar 2022 |

    Global reporting on new IPCC report: Securing a liveable and sustainable future for all

    14 Mar 2022, 15:00 Milou Dirkx International In a report published by the IPCC two weeks ago, 270 scientists from 67 countries reviewed more than 34,000 articles to assess the effects of climate change, the vulnerability of socio-economic and natural ...
  • SPEAKERS at the Global Energy Transition Journalism Conference 2019 #GETJO19

    0A Conference Nickolaus Bauer Twitter: @NickolausBauer Nickolaus Bauer is an award-winning journalist for eNews Channel Africa (eNCA)- South Africa's premier 24 hour news channel. After a decade of experience as a journalist in South Africa, Bauer ...
  • Journalism for the energy transition

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